Kidney Stone Formation (1)

In the clinic, we are seeing more patients with kidney stones, so I’ve written this informative article. To explain how kidney stones form: when the levels of salts and minerals in the urine increase, crystallization occurs. These excess salts and minerals gradually accumulate and form solid particles, leading to kidney stone formation. Most kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts. Stones can be found throughout the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

The salts that contribute to kidney stones include calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. Based on the types of these salts, kidney stones can be classified. Stones formed from calcium oxalate are called calcium oxalate stones, while those from uric acid are called uric acid stones. Stones resulting from the combination of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate are referred to as struvite stones. Additionally, stones that arise from a combination of calcium and phosphate salts are called mixed stones. Mixed stones, which are often formed from calcium oxalate, are commonly encountered.

Factors That Promote Kidney Stone Formation

Individuals over 40 years old
Males (especially those with urinary tract infections)
Those with a family history of kidney stones
Individuals with high meat consumption
Those with excessive intake of salt, sugar, and sweets
People who drink little water or tend to hold urine for long periods
Individuals with certain medical conditions
Obese individuals
Those who experience sudden weight loss or undergo bariatric surgery
Patients on certain cancer medications or urinary drugs. Long-term use of calcium and vitamin D has been reported to increase the risk of kidney stones by 17%.
Drinking water high in fluoride
Individuals who have had urinary catheters, urinary tract surgeries, or radiation therapy are at higher risk.

About 80% of kidney stones are composed of calcium. Struvite stones typically occur in the presence of infection, which is why they are also known as infection stones.

Symptoms

The symptoms depend on the size and location of the stones. Smaller stones (under 3mm) often pass without causing symptoms. Larger stones can cause blockages in the urinary tract, leading to:

Severe pain (which can radiate to the lower abdomen and groin; the pain may last for hours and then subside, but can recur)
Nausea
Blood in the urine
Frequent urination or a burning sensation during urination
Fever or chills

If left untreated, kidney stones can lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, inflammation, and impaired kidney function.